South African Apartheid: Political Defiance Campaigns Against the Gover

After the National Party won the elections of 1948 and introduced legislative measures for the promotion of apartheid, harsher political repression arose and led to increased organization among blacks. Before the 1940s, society was often overwhelmed by the numerous acts of rebellion that many blacks carried out in their daily lives; however, many black organizations refrained from visible remonstration of the National Party government. In the 1950s until the mid-1990s, the significant shift to new black political tactics that stressed open protest became a driving force in the fight against apartheid. This new defiance campaign was composed mainly of actions on a wide-scale level in which black political organizations and civic associations took a powerful role in staging protests and creating mounting unrest. The most significant were political activities; even activities that were originally non-political forms of defiance inadvertently became politicized, such as criminal behavio rs prominently displayed by youth, squatter movements, and pass-law violations. Activities of political defiance included the organization of anti-apartheid parties such as the African National Congress, Pan-Africanist Congress, and United Democratic Front, and the politicization of labor unions and civic associations; constant government efforts were unable to suppress these actions. Black South Africans' acts of resistance, whether political or seemingly non-political, eventually united them in a massive fight against racial oppression which ultimately destroyed apartheid. The National Party’s main goal when it came into power was to create programs to prevent the escalation of the â€Å"black peril† that the Smuts government failed to repress. Immediate... ... Bonner, P. L. "Family, Crime, and Political Consciousness." Journal of South African Studies 14.3 (1988): 393-420. Print. Bonner, Phillip L. "The Politics of Black Squatter Movements on the Rand, 1944-1952." Radical History Review 46.7 (1990): 89-115. Print. Lembede, A. M. "Some Basic Principles of African Nationalism." Inyaniso Document 51 (1945): 314-18. Print. Marks, Shula, and Stanley Trapido. "South Africa Since 1976: A Historical Perspective." South Africa: No Turning Back (1988): 1-45. Print. "Sharpeville Massacre -- The 21 March 1960 Sharpeville Massacre -- Build-up to the Massacre." African History -- Explore the History of Africa. Web. 07 April 2015. . South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid. Web. 07 April 2015. .

Test Questions: Hispanic and Latino American Diversity

Many of the immigrants made their move based on what they perceived to be better economic opportunities in the US during the sass's. Perceived economic opportunities escalated the northward movement in the asses. These groups had been classified as non-whites in the ass's and since the mid ass's many of the immigrants have made their migration based on civil unrest in their homelands. Immigrants from Central and South America have increased in numbers rapidly since he sass's and have even outnumbered the Mexicans that have migrated. WOW) Although economic opportunities is the main reason for the migration of so many central and south Americans, the fighting and unrest is an equal motivator for these people, as the demographic ranges from peasants to wealthy individuals. In America there was a conscious effort to degrade and cheapen the Spanish language. The school systems were allowed to continue to discourage the use of Spanish in classrooms by Spanish speaking children. This was do ne systematically by separating the Spanish children from the White children. There was an initiative to place Spanish students in Mexican schools to keep White children separated from them.This was known as the De Cure school segregation. These Mexican schools were severely under capitalized. In 1970, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled, in Concerns v. Corpus Christi Independent School District, in favor of Concerns. This was a major win for the long term war because the Supreme Court deemed that the De Cure segregation was unconstitutional. However, for the short term battle, this ruling did little for the immediate treatment of the Spanish students in Florida, New York and he Southwest, children who spoke Spanish at school were punished, given detention, fined and even expelled from school.There were various stages of Cuban migration to the United States which started AC n EYE ruling ten revolution. I nerve were tenure major large migrations Into ten US through the US. The first round of immigrants to the tune of 200,000 Cubans made their move after Castor's assumption of power, that first group of immigrants stopped when the missile crisis in October 1962, at this time all legal talks were at a stalemate. AC Immigration started up again in 1965 after Cuba and The US came to a round of dual agreements, which is known as Freedom Flights, which involved charter flights from Havana to Miami.More than 340,000 refugees made their migration to the United States between 1965 and 1973. The majority of these people settled in Miami. The third major and most controversial migration took place in 1980, The Maries boatload. More than 124,000 refugees escaped from Cuba. These Cubans fled political and economic oppression when arriving into the United States, these people were very poor and Castro made his political points by punishing the people, rationing food on a monthly basis and wrongly imprisoning people.

An Overview of Mentoring - 1297 Words

Mentoring: An Overview Q1. An explanation that includes a definition of mentoring and at least 3 purposes Mentoring is defined as an informal transference of knowledge between an expert and a neophyte. The mentor is said to have greater knowledge either in a particular field or of general, human qualities that he or she wants to transfer to the mentee. (PowerPoint 1: Slide 3). The purposes of mentoring include supporting professional development within an organization; identifying and nurturing an employees emerging talents, and teaching employees professional standards. Mentoring can be used to stretch the talents of the mentee and even help to develop the talents of the mentor him or herself. Both parties can learn from the exchange (PowerPoint 1: Slide 11). Q2. An explanation of at least 3 different models of mentoring and at least 3 merits of each With one-on-one mentoring, there is a focused, structured relationship driven by the mentees personal objectives and development (PowerPoint 1: Slide 14). It can provide the mentee with consistent, ongoing support tailored to his or her independent needs either through an employer or professional or trade association.Mentoring is designed to give workers training and on-going support and help broaden the perspective and increase the contacts of a less experienced mentee (PowerPoint 1: Slide 14). In this classical mentoring relationship, the mentoring is an ongoing endeavor and the mentee is much lessShow MoreRelatedStep Process : Step Mentoring Process1509 Words   |  7 PagesStep-By-Step Mentoring Process STEP 1: Dual-Rate Program Introduction †¢ Dual-Rate is brought into the office by managers to explain that they have been identified and â€Å"UNDERPERFORMING† †¢ All of the evaluations will be explained (Dual-Rate, Dealer, Exam) to the dual-rate †¢ Their score will be compared to the average best in each category †¢ They will be told that if they are to continue as a dual-rate they must submit to a Mentoring Program for a 6-Month period of time †¢ The mentoring program willRead MoreThe Impact Of Mentoring On Counseling Programs1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Mentoring on Counselors There are many different facets to counseling training programs. One of the most interesting parts of this program is mentoring. This overview of mentorship will incorporate what mentorship is, the function of the relationship during mentorship, and different roles of mentee and mentors. Additionally to that, this overview will examine how mentorship is handle in counseling programs, and when proper mentorship is given to mentee, it can lead further futureRead MoreServant Leadership Influence on Student Mentoring1607 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Mentoring Mentoring is a committed collaborative partnership, not a dependent relationship. According to Bernier, Larose, and Soucy (2005), the relationship and commitment created within a mentoring program is crucial for its success in assisting the mentee. Past studies have focused on student mentoring and its influence on academic performance, retention, and graduation. The thesis of this paper will examine the theory of servant leadership and its influence on a mentoring approachRead MoreBusiness Overview: Speedy Bike Sales and Service1263 Words   |  5 PagesMentoring Overview Leadership mentoring is the formal and informal social construction of professional performance expectations developed through the purposeful interactions between aspiring and practicing principals in the context of authentic practice. This interactive mentoring develops collegial relationships, fosters reciprocal learning between expert and novice, expands leadership capacity and creates a community of pract ice in which steadily improving role performance is the ultimate goal(Browne-FerrignoRead MoreCareer Plateuing889 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Overview/Summary of Article This paper focuses on career plateauing and the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions and the alleviating effects of mentoring on the relationships between career plateauing and the three dependent variables. I reviewed Samuel O. Salami s article â€Å"Career plateauing and work attitudes: Moderating effects of mentoring others with Nigerian employees†, Salami collected data from 280 government employees in Nigeria, whoRead MoreThe Benefits And Possibilities Of Coaching And Teacher Mentoring Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits and possibilities of coaching and teacher mentoring, as well as to familiarize you with an overview of three specific coaching models. These will include cognitive coaching, literacy coaching, and differentiated coaching, each of which have their own unique set of strengths and weaknesses. The coaching process and experience can help the school in countless ways, starting with the teachers and tric kling down to the students. According to (Mentoring, 2016, p. 1), â€Å"Peer coaching can bring aboutRead MoreLeadership Success As The Leadership Strategy Course Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesAs a faculty member, the author of this paper selected Mentoring for leadership success as the leadership strategy course .The writer begins the thesis with different learning style and its accommodation .The author design the course for the competent, experienced clinical nurses ,selected from different units of the institution and to accommodate the different learning styles of each learner .the design start with a mission, vision, value statement which is compatible with the course and the institutionalRead MoreQuality Management Using Six Sigma1281 Words   |  6 Pagesand has become the most popular of the quality improvement initiatives (Ismyrlis Moschidis, 2013). This paper will provide a brief overview of Six Sigma along with an explanation of the DMAIC methodology. The paper wi ll present an example from the author’s workplace in software engineering to illustrate effective application of the DMAIC process. Six Sigma Overview As explained by Kumar and Kaushish (2015), Six Sigma is a â€Å"disciplined data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defectsRead MoreStudent-Teacher Relationships in Teacher Program Education s629 Words   |  3 Pagesusually accessible or verbalized unless they are triggered to reflect upon what they usually do (Shulman, 1986, 1987); In this case, the classroom teacher may not think about the use of the dictionary until she is asked about when to use it. The mentoring interactions portray habitual classroom situations that help thinking over particular Student Teachers’ performance (Clarke, 2001) eliciting, as a consequence, tacit knowledge that is only in the expert teacher’ mind. These genuine interactions betweenRead MoreThe Needs Assessment Of High School Students1088 Words   |  5 Pagesof minority high school students graduate from high school and about 25% of high school freshman fail to graduate from high school on time. Some of the needs that low socioeconomic high school students need in order to succeed include: Long-term Mentoring Programs, Parental Involvement and, more outdoor resources. The first solution for the proposed program is to get permission from the school board. Secondly, hire mentors who can relate with the students situation. Third, find a high school to partnership

The Reflection Of Success My Journey To Success - 847 Words

Success is extremely coveted in our society. We are willing to do whatever it takes to make it to the top. Everyone does not make it to the societal expectation of success. However, I believe that we each have our own perception of success and the goals we aspire to achieve. I am certain that it is possible for us to reach their personal success if we dont allow failure and hardships to hold us back from moving forward. It is essential that we have a plan in place to meet our success, we need to learn how to overcome obstacles, and we need a support system to follow us through our path to success. Setting personal goals is an important aspect of our journey to success. We need to have an idea of the steps we need to take, and we need to†¦show more content†¦The tryout was going okay until I was doing a lap and I went over the second hurdle and I tripped. I continued the track and I tripped over every single hurdle after that, but I made it to the end. To some people, it might have looked like I was a failure, but that day I felt proud of myself because I didnt just run away and quit. I continued the track till I was at the finish line. Till this day, I apply that to other aspects of my life. When Im trying to accomplish something and I dont succeed the first time I continue because I know eventually, I will get to my destination. I see life as a hurdle race if we dont jump over the hurdles or get back up when we fall well never make it to the finish line. Human connection is necessary for every aspect of our lives. The support system ties the different aspects of success together. Having a group of people, whether they are family or friends, to hold us accountable to our goals. They help keep us in check, and they can help us achieve our goals with helpful tips and friendly reminders. They are also there to rejoice with us when our success comes. This is the reason it is very important to build a strong support group and be mindful of the people that we surround ourselves with. We need to make sure they are here to help us succeed, and we should make ourselves ready to do the same for them as well because real success is making it and having all your friendsShow MoreRelatedStrengths And Weaknesses Of My Life1554 Words   |  7 PagesLife is a journey that everyone will take at their own pace, and in their own way. Much of this is governed by the strengths that each person possesses naturally. Life can yield greater results if persona l strengths are reflected upon, and then projected onto future goals that have been put in place. This is so, as this action generally reveals clarity in several areas. It is also important to realize that, in addition to our strengths, we aspire to use them in parallel with opportunities that weRead MoreReflection On Personal Reflection1307 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL REFLECTION 2 PERSONAL NARRATIVE This assignment seems to be the most difficult to write because it will encompass a wealth of information. The most important part of this assignment is the opportunity to reflect on the course assignments and the impact this foundational base will have for future classes. Every event in life has to start somewhere and this start sets the stage forRead MoreBasketball Vs. Basketball822 Words   |  4 Pageshall of famer Michael Jordan, a person who can be debated as the greatest basketball player ever. This quote means more than just how to be successful in basketball; it means that making mistakes is part of the journey to a prosperous life, but not taking chances strays from the path to success. In today’s world, people have to be competitive to succeed in anything. The formula for both a â€Å"good† life and successful basketball career requires many similar things, like working hard, being able to developRead MorePurpose And Understanding Of An Authentic Servant Leader1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfocusing on a time of pressure, severe test or situation that changed their thinking or the direction of their lives. The purpose and understanding of reflection is important in instruction. Authentic leaders have a clear understanding of who they are and they lead from their core values (Northouse, 2016). In discovering my core values by following my internal leading in becoming an authentic servant leader (George, 2010), I am able to recognize the importance of being self-aware, relational, supportiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Clayton Christensen s How Will You Measure Your Life?1545 Words   |  7 Pagesbuilding it together. He learned that the journey and the accomplishment of building it together was worth more than the outcome. I remember a time when my manager told me to slow down and enjoy the journey. I felt she was missing the bigger picture. I could not fathom slowing down. I didn’t understand what that meant since my goals were to ach ieve a certain level of income and an accumulation of things by specific ages. These goals were my measure of success that I made it in life. I was a glory seekerRead MoreSelf Leadership Brand Development : The Journey Down A Long Dirt Road981 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Leadership Brand Development: The Journey Down a Long Dirt Road My leadership brand development involved my moving to a place of self-acceptance. My ideas and thoughts about how others perceive me have grown exponentially. In the past I have taken a position of â€Å"it doesn’t matter what others think†. However, in reality, it does matter what others think. I believe that I have two weakness: self-doubt and reluctance to take action. Maybe I see these two as weakness because I have been rejectedRead MoreEssay about My Journey Towards Acacemid Success663 Words   |  3 PagesLearning Reflection A solid education is imperative for success. Education impacts the personal and professional side of life. I have been in the pursuit of my degree for quite some time. I have allowed obstacles to distract and discourage me from obtaining my degree. For instance, my language barrier was an impediment for quite some time. I was determined to work and become fluent in the English language. The experience of learning another language was challenging but rewarding. Work is anotherRead MoreMy Dream As A Doctor Of Education Degree888 Words   |  4 PagesThis final reflection will discuss what my wish, my hope and my dream is as a professional obtaining a doctor of education degree. As I reflect upon the journal entries that were submitted, I will discuss the common thread and themes that are applicable to my personal development as a professional; subsequently, it will disclose the themes which has influenced my progress in the EDD program. Lastly, this refection will reveal how the per sonal learning obtained will enhance and expand my professionRead MoreMy First Semester At Goizueta1596 Words   |  7 PagesStanford Business graduate Jennifer Porter notes, â€Å"Reflection gives the brain an opportunity to pause amidst the chaos, untangle and sort through observations and experiences, consider multiple possible interpretations, and create meaning† (2017, p. 1). As you will see, this reflection has enabled me to summarize my first semester, discover what I have learned about myself, lay out a path for growth, and create meaning. I hope you will use my reflection as a marker for what future students can uncoverRead MoreSummer Term Reflection Paper979 Words   |  4 PagesSummer Term Reflection Paper As I look back on the beginning of my journey to a better career and life I can remember the weeks and months leading up to the first day of class. I remember visiting the college and speaking with an advisor to decide exactly what it was I wanted to do, and the steps it would take for me to reach my goals. I recall talking with the advisor about the requirements for my General Education credits as well my need to take a preparatory class for algebra because I scored

Five Body Weight Exercises For Success - 1219 Words

Five Body Weight Exercises For Success By Dale NM Bateman | Submitted On April 23, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Dale NM Bateman As you know by now, I am a firm believer in body weight exercises, or what I like to call REAL exercises. What does this mean? Well, based on my experience, I find that too many people tend to take the easy way out when it comes to the exercise they do to try and lose their unwanted body fat. A perfect example is that mystery machine that seems to be so popular, called the Elliptical Trainer. Body weight exercises can beat this type of exercise hands down in many ways. For example, it s been proven that the movement that is replicated by one of these elliptical trainers is unique unto itself, and doesn t mirror any natural movement that the human body performs on a regular basis. In other words, doing a regular workout on one of these machines is like practicing your golf swing for hours upon hours and then going out and playing a game of soccer, hoping that those practice sessions will help your game! Plus, let s face it, once you get on the machine and get it moving, you re pretty much just going through the motionsShow MoreRelatedThe Best Way Tackle The Problem Of Obesity1393 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipants to change their eating habits and add exercise into their daily activities. Focusing on both the food environment, as well as the social environment, may lead to extreme health benefits for the overweight population.9 The aim of the MOVE! program is to encourage Veterans to be successful in long term weight management. Statistics show that approximately twenty percent of people who attempt weight loss are successful in long term weight loss/management if they continue their plan for atRead MoreEssay about Getting in Shape662 Words   |  3 PagesShape Spring is coming soon, and the body is looking a little flabby, what can I do to shape up? How can I build lean muscle before spring? Do I need to be an expert at weight training? What if I cannot afford a membership at the gym? Do these questions sound familiar? If they do, I have some very simple solutions to each of these questions. Everyone wants to be able to go to the beach and look good, but these same people do not know how to attain the body to do so. The answers to these questionsRead MoreThe Guaranteed Best Weight Loss Program Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesBest Weight Loss Program By Jared T Meacham | Submitted On June 15, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments 1 Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Jared T Meacham If you want to lose weight, selecting the right weight lossRead MoreSolutions For The Obesity Epidemic1386 Words   |  6 PagesSolutions for Obesity in the U.S. Obesity is† a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body† according to the Merriam Webster Dictionary (m-w.com). Obesity has become an epidemic and an important public health concern in the U.S. Obesity epidemic is a result of life style change brought on by availability of snacks and fast foods as well as the decrease in physical activity according to Dr. Pierre Dukan, a French Medical Doctor with 35 years of experienceRead MoreQuick Weight Loss Diet Plan Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pages Lose 5 Pounds in 5 Days Fast Quick Weight Loss Diet Plans Intro Why Some People Fail to Lose Weight FAQ s How Much Will You Lose Conscious Eating Leads to Weight Loss Success The Basic Diet Plan Alternative Plan One Alternative Plan Two Alternative Plan Three Alternative Plan Four Alternative Plan Five Intro We live in a land of too much food. Every where that you look food is trying to entice us to just take one little bite. It is a fact of life that food is the long haired siren that isRead MoreA Clinic Based Weight Management Program753 Words   |  4 PagesMcDonell, Fihn, 2012, p. 1) an estimated 70% of veterans are overweight or obese, with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25.0 or more. As results, a whole range of diseases such as coronary vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, high blood pressure and pulmonary diseases emerges and impact the health of our veterans. In this assignment, I will introduce a clinic-based weight management program, the MOVE!, created by the Veterans Administration (VA) to promote healthRead More The Strength Trainer?s Guide to Success Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesYour body has about 650 muscles. No matter that you care about just four or five of them, all of which can be sculpted with maybe a half-dozen strength-training exercises. You still need all of them to perform the normal functions of everyday life; breathing, eating, walking, sucking in your stomach at the beach. Of course everyone wants to have the perfect body; however, few of us don’t effectively know how to reach our body building goals. Since muscle growth is such a slow process, weight-liftingRead MoreMarketing Industry : Target Customer, And Competitor Analysis835 Words   |  4 Pagesmemberships and entrance fees. Revenue is also earned by charging for additional services to clients, such as massages and personal fitness train ing. Personal trainers make exercise prescriptions custom-made to your specific needs. The different segments of this industry include sports and athletic trainers, weight loss and weight management trainers, physical rehabilitation trainers. According to a report by IBISWorld, the fitness industry is a $26 billion industry that will continue to benefit fromRead MoreThe Best Solution Diet For Weight Loss Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesSolution Diet for Weight Loss By Nick O Load | Submitted On February 07, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest It s not about the hour glass figure or the perfectly sculpted and toned body. It is more aboutRead MoreEssay on Health and fitness related components938 Words   |  4 Pages Health and fitness related components Fitness plays a small though significant part in the success of a cricketer. There are several components of fitness that are important for success for all players. To be a successful member for a team one needs to be healthy. A state of complete mental, physical and social well-being is considered as being healthy. Mental health can be observed as the ability to concentrate on a subject for a long period of time, control emotions

Tale Tell Heart and Goose Girl Free Essays

Jack Mitchell Mr. Glen Smith English1302 Oct 10,2012 Compare/Contrast Essay Assignment #2 The unnamed narrator in Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"A Tell- Tale Heart† and the chambermaid in the Grimm Brothers â€Å"The Goose Girl† both possess strikingly similar characteristics. Both show aggression and use violence to get what they want but are very careful of how they go about it and covering it up. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale Tell Heart and Goose Girl or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Poe’s story, the unnamed narrator kills an elderly man that he is caring for because the old man has a foul looking eye that is covered with a white film. This is what is slowly driving him insane but afterwards he ingeniously decides to hide the body incase someone heard the noise of the olds man body. This is so he does not get arrested for his murder and when the police do stop they believe his story and do not suspect anything, until he gives them a reason. The chambermaid on the other hand forcefully and violently makes the princess, who she knows wont stand up for her self, switch places with her simply because she wants to live the life of the princess. She also makes the princess swear to secrecy so she never has to worry about her true identity being unveiled. Later, she cleverly kills the princess’s talking horse, which was the only witness to what happened between the chambermaid and the real princess’s. In Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the unnamed narrator is caring for an elderly man who isn’t capable of taking care of himself. The elderly man has a bad eye that has a silky film over the top of it. The narrator becomes sickened and essentially afraid of the eye. He decides that the only way he can get rid of these feelings is to kill the old man thus getting rid of the eye forever Originally, he is hesitant to actually go through with his plan, but he knows it is the only way to end his torture. â€Å"I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever† (303). He waits until the time is right when the eye is open to kill him â€Å"I did for seven long nights every night just at midnight, but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work† (303). He feels he must kill the man with the evil eye open because â€Å"for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (303). Once he finally kills the man, he decides to hide the body incase someone heard the noise or the beating of the man’s heart, which is now driving him even more insane. However, when he was finished cleaning up someone rang his doorbell and when he opened it, â€Å"There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect suavity, as officers of the police† (305). The narrator gave the police a very believable story and they were satisfied. He was almost scott free, but then he starts to hear the thumping of the mans heart and starts going crazy. Convinced the police heard the noise too he ripped up the planks revealing the body of the elderly man. In the Grimm Brothers â€Å"The Goose Girl†, the chambermaid of the princess so desperately wants to the live the lavish care free life of the princess she decides to test her fate by taking action. This is when her violent behavior is seen for the first time, when she decides to forcefully and violently begin to curse at the princess to dress up as a chambermaid so she can take the princess’s place. She also made the princess to swear to never tell anyone what happened. â€Å"Then with many harsh words, the chambermaid ordered the princess to take off her own royal clothing and put on the chambermaid’s shabby clothes. And in the end the princess had to swear under the open heaven that she would not say one word of this to anyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (406) When she finally arrives at the castle and marries the king, she asks him for a favor. â€Å"Send for the knacker, and have the head of the horse which I rode here cut off. † (408) This is her way of making sure that there are no loose ends and that there is no one or thing that can revel her true identity. However, she does not know the horse can still talk after its’ been beheaded. This small overlooked detail is the root cause to her downfall. The Narrator is portrayed as an insane man who starts to lose control of whatever sanity he has left once he comes into contact with the elderly mans grotesque eye that he thinks is evil. Even though he is portrayed as crazy, in reality he has not lost his mind completely, in he fact that he actually watches the man, investigates the room, and checks the eye to see if it is open â€Å"every night just at midnight†(303). He did this for seven nights, hich clearly shows that he has not completely lost his grip on reality. By waiting for the perfect chance to strike shows patience, mentally and physically. Another sign the narrator was not totally insane was that he had a face-to-face conversation with three police officers. In the end, â€Å"The officers were satisfied† and believed his alibi. There is no way a person said to have lost his mind completely could have fooled three trained police officers. On the other hand, the chambermaid in â€Å"The Goose Girl† is seen as a cunning, tough character throughout the story. However, towards the end of the story her true colors begin to shine. By her sending out the knacker to â€Å"have the head of the horse which I rode here cut off, for it angered me on the way. †(306). This shows that she has started to worry and stress over her secret getting out. By her having everything and everyone who could tell her secret around her taken away is the first sign of weakness from her. It is a sign of weakness because she is doing everything possible to save herself and only herself. Lastly, the reason why both the chambermaid and the narrator both got caught and failed to get away was due to them. The narrator was home free until he started to panic, thinking the guards could hear what he was hearing he finally lost it â€Å"dissemble no more! I admit the deed! —tear up the planks! here, here! —It is the beating of his hideous heart! † (306). The chambermaid had it done what she had set out to do. However, if she would have stopped and trusted the promise the princess gave her from the beginning she would have been fine. She instead decided to take things into her own hands and had the talking horse beheaded. Finally, the reader can see that both of the characters used every means necessary to get what they wanted which included violence to get what they want but are also very careful of how they go about it and covering it up. Work Cited Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. â€Å"The Goose-Girl. † Kinder-und Hausmarchen. 7th ed. D. L. Ashilman, trans. Berlin: n. p. , 1857. Print Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart. † The complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Random House, 1975. Print. How to cite Tale Tell Heart and Goose Girl, Papers

Mental Retardation and Child Development free essay sample

There are general stages children pass through as they develop and certain time frames during which these transitions occur. There is not a specific time that is considered normal for any individual child to attain a goal, as cultural and environmental factors are also important to development, but researchers have formed general, broad ranges of time in which skills such as walking and talking are displayed. Children with disabilities or delays may follow different paths of development. Children with mental retardation have been found to pass through typical stages of development, such as Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, but at a much slower rate. Burack, Hodapp, and Zigler (1998) however, contrast the idea that slowness is the only characteristic of mentally retarded people to be considered, by introducing the study of mental retardation as a â€Å"more complex enterprise†. Today, as a result of recent advancements in the past 50 years (Hodapp, and Zigler, 1986, p. ), researchers know more about the development of persons with mental retardation and about the phenomenon in general. The work of three influential developmental theorists has laid foundations for the current study of mental retardation: Heinz Warner, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 3). Heinz Warner, while studying at the Wayne State Training School, developed three ideas that he applied to persons with metal retardation. First, he realized that â€Å"behavior reflects underlying thoughts† and that sometimes individuals with mental retardation would perform better on perceptual and cognitive tasks than individuals with normal intelligence because the retarded individuals had not yet learned the rules that governed their behavior (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 4). His second idea was that there existed two forms of mental retardation: exogenous and endogenous. Individuals with exogenous retardation (brain damage) showed â€Å"unclear and inconsistent† patterns of development, while individuals with endogenous retardation (no organic damage) â€Å"behaved similarly to younger individuals of average intelligence† (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 4). This idea lead the way for future researchers to do â€Å"two group† studies of mentally retarded people. Werner’s third idea was that studies of retarded individuals compared to normal development would be beneficial. He figured since individuals with endogenous retardation were compared to younger, average intelligence individuals, that they must have been following the sual development patterns, only at a slower rate (Burack et al. , 1998). Jean Piaget and his colleague, Barbel Inhelder, were also interested in mental retardation. Like Werner, Piaget and Inhelder focused on what the individual was thinking and not just the observed behaviors. Piaget provided sequences of development in a variety of areas; and since the 1940’s, researchers have been studying whether persons with mental retardation pass through these Piagetian sequences. Researchers have assumed that mentally retarded persons pass through these sequences in the exact same order. However, Inhelder observed that mentally retarded persons more often displayed regressions in what they were learning even during a single session. The work that Piaget and Inhelder did with sequences and processes led the way toward later developmental approaches (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 5). The work of Lev Vygotsky is just now beginning to influence western ideas. Vygotsky focused on â€Å"how children develop and on how development may be altered when a child has mental retardation. He criticized IQ tests and other ‘non-process’ views of children’s development† (Burack et al. 1998, p. 6). He was concerned with how individuals compensate for their disability, an idea reflected in much of today’s research of resources for people with mental retardation and the adaptations for them to participate in everyday life. Vygotsky was also interested in how adults could â€Å"best promote development† (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 6) in retarded children. This idea is reflected today in society’s efforts for early intervention. The work of Werner, Piaget, and Vygotsky paved the way for workers who would later apply a developmental approach to studying mental retardation. As the American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR, 2005) defines it, â€Å"Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. † The limitations a mentally retarded person experiences can include walking, talking, and taking care of themselves. Children diagnosed with mental retardation have an IQ below 70 (there are tests to determine a child’s IQ score) and the condition is expressed before age 18. These persons will develop more lowly in adaptive behavioral areas than others with normal intelligence. Although they may have challenges in school, they will learn most tasks at a later time. There will be some skills however, that they will never learn (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). Although the terms â€Å"mental retardation,† â€Å"developmental disability,† and â €Å"mental illness† may seem similar, these terms are not interchangeable and do not mean the same thing. Mental retardation is an intellectual disability and mental illness is an emotional or behavioral illness. It is possible for a person with mental retardation to experience a mental illness such as depression (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). The term developmental disabilities refers to physical and intellectual disabilities, and therefore encompasses more than what would be categorized under mental retardation. Developmental disabilities also are limited to more severe and chronic disabilities, while there are broader levels of mental retardation ranging from mild to profound (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006). The U. S.Census does not collect data on persons with mental retardation or intellectual disabilities, but there are best estimates by several authorities in the field as to how common mental retardation is. It is estimated that about three percent of the national population is affected by mental retardation. This figure includes those who are currently receiving special services, those who used to receive special services, and those unknown cases. Hodapp and Zigler (1986) have found the ratio of endogenous (no brain damage) to exogenous (organic damage) retardation to be 75% to 25%. These statistics translate into one out of every ten families being affected by at least one member with an intellectual disability (USDHHS, 2006). According to the Children’s Defense Fund (2003), about five percent of the nation’s preschoolers have a disability and require early intervention or special needs programs. Low income families and families living in poverty are at a much greater risk of having a child with a disability. An individual’s ability to function mentally, physically, and behaviorally depends on the severity of retardation. The University of Michigan Health System (2005) describes the four levels of mental retardation based on IQ: Mild (IQ ranging from 55-69), moderate (40-54), severe (25-39), and profound (less than 24). Pre-school aged children with mild retardation may not seem that different from other children, but their ability to walk, talk and learn to feed themselves occurs a slower rate. With special education, they can learn practical skills, as well as reading and math up to a sixth grade level. Children of the same age with moderate retardation show noticeable delays in motor skills and speech. Older children can learn basic communication and self-help skills, but are not capable of learning math or reading. Children with severe retardation show delays in motor development, and little or no communication. They may be able to learn self-help skills such as feeding themselves, and when they are older they may learn to walk. They may also have some understanding of speech and show a response to it. Lastly, a child with profound retardation may also have other medical problems and require nursing care. These children show delays in all areas of development, and they display basic emotions. With special training, they may be able to use their legs, hands and jaws. These children need close supervision (U. of Michigan Health System, 2005). The causes of mental retardation vary from biological, behavioral, and environmental reasons. Mental retardation can develop before birth, during childhood, or at any time before the age of 18. Biological reasons for mental retardation include genetic problems such as Down Syndrome, Fragile X, Phenylketonuria, and abnormal brain developments before birth. A behavioral factor that causes mental retardation is maternal substance abuse, which can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Environmental factors include infections that may pass to the child during a woman’s pregnancy, a severe lack of oxygen at birth, diseases like whooping cough, measles, meningitis, and encephalitis, extreme malnutrition, exposure to poisonous lead or mercury, severe head injury, stroke, and lack of child stimulation and adult responsiveness (AAMR, 2005, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, NDCCD, 2004, UMHS, 2005). There is no cure for mental retardation (CDCP, 2005, UMHS, 2005), but there are some preventative measures that can be taken. To prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which can lead to mental retardation, pregnant women should avoid drinking. Another way to reduce the risk of mental retardation is to diagnose and treat metabolic conditions, such as PKU, soon after birth. It has been found that if â€Å"correct treatment is started soon enough and continued as long as needed, that a child will not have mental retardation† (CDCP, 2005). The CDCP also says that is important for women with PKU to follow a special diet when they are pregnant. It is very helpful to diagnose risk factors and mental retardation early, but it is never too late to begin treatment (UMHS, 2005). There are many signs of mental retardation. For example, a child with mental retardation may: sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children; learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking; have trouble remembering things; have trouble understanding social rules; have trouble understanding the consequences of their actions; have trouble solving problems, and/or thinking logically (NDCCD, 2004). The limitations of some children with mental retardation won’t be obvious, and won’t be diagnosed until they enter school. Some adults with mild retardation will be able to live by themselves and their disability might not be apparent to others. Mental Retardation is diagnosed by looking at two areas of development: an individual’s ability to learn, think, solve problems, and make sense of the world (measured by an IQ test), and whether or not an individual has skills needed to live independently (also called adaptive behavior or functioning) (NDCCD, 2004). An average IQ score is 100 and as stated before, those scoring below 70 are diagnosed with a certain level of mental retardation. To measure adaptive behavior, children’s abilities to perform tasks such as getting dressed, feeding themselves, understanding and responding to speech, and interacting with family members and others, are compared to children of the same age with normal intelligence. After an initial diagnosis of mental retardation, specialists then look at the strengths and weaknesses of an individual, and consider how much support they will need at home, at school, and in the community. In using this approach, a realistic picture is given for each individual, which helps to determine how to work with him or her in order to promote development. It is also known that this â€Å"picture† can change over time, as an individual’s ability to get along in the world will grow (NDCCD, 2004). As a mentally retarded child grows, the school can play an important role in encouraging their intellectual development. A child with mental retardation â€Å"is capable of doing well in school, but it is likely that they will need individualized help† (NDCCD, 2004). Every state is responsible for providing education to children with disabilities. There are some programs that begin at infancy and continue until age 3 (a time when another program is started). This early intervention system requires the cooperation of parents and specialists to come up with an Individualized Family Services Plan, or IFSP. This plan will outline the specific needs of a child and also describe the ways in which the child’s needs will be met. The IFSP also focuses on the needs of the family so parents and other family members can take care of their young child with mental retardation (NDCCD, 2004). The cost of this program may be based on a family’s income, or in some states, may be free. School-aged children (including preschoolers) with mental retardation are eligible for special education through the school system. Members of the school staff work with parents to formulate an Individualized Education Program, or IEP. School boards are required to tell parents of their rights regarding placement of their child in special education, and schools are required to develop an IEP for each special education child (UMHS, 2005). These programs also outline a child’s needs and the ways to meet those needs, and are provided at no extra cost to families. The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA, of 1997 mandates that children, including those with disabilities are entitled to an education that is free and appropriate (NYU Child Study Center, 2006). In addition, children with mental retardation are entitled to receive publicly funded education from the ages of three through twenty-one. Teachers who have mentally retarded children in their classroom should: learn as much as possible about mental retardation; use concrete materials that are age appropriate and interesting; be concrete when giving nstructions by demonstrating the task step-by-step; present information in small, sequential steps and review them frequently; teach skills that the child might use outside of the classroom; teach these children in the same school as other children, when possible and give immediate and frequent feedback (NDCCD, 2004, Carrol, 2006). If a teacher isn’t already part of a child’s IEP, then they should ask to ha ve a copy and consult the school’s special education instructor to utilize the methods already outlined for that student’s success (NDCCD, 2004). It is possible for persons with mental retardation to experience healthy lives, and there are several instances where mentally retarded persons live on their own and obtain jobs. As Carrol (2006) states, individuals with mental retardation â€Å"do not remain eternal children. † They become adults and do need basic services that all people need for healthy development such as education, health services and recreation opportunities. It is important to encourage development in individuals with mental retardation at an early age, and to continue this support throughout their lives in order to allow them the freedom to grow as human beings.